Those who have a checking or savings account, but also use financial alternatives like check cashing services are considered underbanked. Major studies published in 2014 and 2015 suggest that up to 27% of Aboriginal Australian males carry K2*, while others carry a subclade of K2. Tendai thought also frames its understanding of Buddhist practice on the Lotus Sutra's teaching of upya or hben (, expedient means). Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature is changing over time to accommodate the increasing number of SNPs being discovered and tested, and the resulting expansion of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. These include Zhiyi's theory of perfect interfusion or unity of all phenomena (expressed in teachings like ichinen sanzen "three thousand realms in one thought") and the Tendai theory of hongaku (original enlightenment) which holds that enlightenment is intrinsic in all things. By 864, Tendai monks were now appointed to the powerful '''sg''' (, "Office of Monastic Affairs") with the naming of An'e () as the provisional vinaya master. After journeying to China for further study and training, he brought back a practice called the "five-tone nembutsu" or goe nenbutsu (), which was a form of intonation practiced in China for reciting the Buddha's name. [16], Mahan's article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled "The Middle Eastern Question," written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. These gods and spirits were initially seen as local protectors of Buddhism.[41]. The second category includes the tantric scriptures like the Mahavairocana, Vajrasekhara, the Susiddhikra Stra (Soshitsujikara), the Pudichang jing (Bodaij ky, T. 950), and the Yuqi jing (Yugi ky, T. R1 has two descendant subclades: R1a and R1b. Philosophically, the Tendai school did not deviate substantially from the beliefs that had been created by the Tiantai school in China. Madagascar, the Comoros). The Middle East is widely and most famously known as the cradle of civilization. ", "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture", "Something Weird Happened to Men 7,000 Years Ago, And We Finally Know Why", "Understanding Results: Y-DNA Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP): What is a Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroup? [28], There are terms similar to Near East and Middle East in other European languages, but since it is a relative description, the meanings depend on the country and are different from the English terms generally. In Saich's writings, he frequently used the terminology hokke engy "Perfect Teaching of the Lotus Sutra" () to imply it was the culmination of the previous sermons given by Gautama Buddha. Haplogroup H (M69) probably emerged in South Central Asia or South Asia, about 48,000 years BP, and remains largely prevalent there in the forms of H1 (M69) and H3 (Z5857). Tendai Buddhism claims that each and every sense phenomenon just as it is is the expression of Dharma. Cleveland, William L., and Martin Bunton. The lowest-ranking country in the Middle East, in terms of per capita income (PPP), is the autonomous Palestinian Authority of Gaza and the West Bank ($1,100). [8] Because the emperor sought to reduce the power of the Hoss school, he granted this request, but with the stipulation that the new "Tendai" school would have two programs: one for esoteric Buddhism and one for exoteric Buddhist practice. "How the Middle East was invented - The Washington Post", "Where Is the Middle East? Saich borrowed esoteric texts from Kkai for copying and they also exchanged letters for some time. In Iran, many religious minorities such as Christians, Bahs, Jews and Zoroastrians have left since the Islamic Revolution of 1979.[42][43]. The temple complex was later rebuilt, and continues to serve as the head Tendai temple today. Lopez, Donald S.; Stone, Jacqueline I. A fair proportion of those migrating from Arab nations are from ethnic and religious minorities facing racial and or religious persecution and are not necessarily ethnic Arabs, Iranians or Turks. anlexing , serene and pleasing activities), both in Chan meditation and in precept training. In recent years, however, countries such as the UAE, Bahrain, and Jordan have begun attracting greater numbers of tourists because of improving tourist facilities and the relaxing of tourism-related restrictive policies. There is also an Oasis Berber-speaking community in Egypt where the language is also known as Siwa. [57] When it comes to per capita (PPP)-based income, the highest-ranking countries are Qatar ($86,008), Kuwait ($39,915), the UAE ($38,894), Bahrain ($34,662) and Cyprus ($29,853). pen-chileh) is first found in the Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana "where it refers to true suchness considered under the aspect of conventional deluded consciousness and thus denotes the potential for enlightenment in unenlightened beings. In the history of Tendai school, a number of notable monks have contributed to Tendai thought and administration of Mt. Division of Corporations Regarding textual basis, while Shingon mainly uses the Mahavairocana Tantra and the Vajrasekhara Sutra (seeing these as the highest and most superior texts), Tendai uses a larger corpus of texts to understand and practice esoteric Buddhism. Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf. He also believed that the Japanese people were naturally inclined to the Mahayana. [48] According to William R. LaFleur, the development of ygen aesthetic theory was also influenced by the Tendai practice of shikan meditation. Expatriates from Arab countries contribute to the circulation of financial and human capital in the region and thus significantly promote regional development. The classic Buddhist understanding of the Four Noble Truths posits that craving for pleasure, worldly desire and attachment must be cut off to put an end to suffering (dukkha). Frans Timmermans. Unemployment is notably high in the Middle East and North Africa region, particularly among young people aged 1529, a demographic representing 30% of the region's total population. [2] According to Jacqueline Stone, the term original enlightenment itself (Chn. The Middle East (Arabic: , ISO 233: ash-Sharq al-Awsat) is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula and Bahrain), Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Province), East Thrace (European part of Turkey), Egypt, Iran, the Levant (including Ash-Shm and Cyprus), Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), and the Socotra Archipelago (a part of Yemen). Another Turkic language, Azerbaijani, is spoken by Azerbaijanis in Iran. Finally, Pure Land practices in Tendai were further popularized by former Tendai monk Hnen, who established the first independent Pure Land school, the Jdo-sh, and whose disciples carried the teachings to remote provinces in one form or another. Our clients face complex challenges, and our lawyers' innovative approaches consistently deliver results for our clients. However, the usage "Near East" was retained by a variety of academic disciplines, including archaeology and ancient history, where it describes an area identical to the term Middle East, which is not used by these disciplines (see Ancient Near East). [2] This was not unusual for major temples at the time, as rival schools also fielded armies, such as the head temple of the Yogcra school, Kfuku-ji. These include:[5], Tendai Buddhism reveres the Lotus Sutra as the highest teaching in Buddhism. We've developed a suite of premium Outlook features for people with advanced email and calendar needs. Hebrew is one of the two official languages of Israel, the other being Arabic. 3342. U.S. International Reserve Position. [7] Arabs constitute the main socioethnic grouping in the region,[8] followed by Turks, Persians, Kurds, Azeris, Copts, Jews, Assyrians, Iraqi Turkmen, Yazidis, and Greek Cypriots. Matsunaga, Daigan, Matsunaga, Alicia (1996), Foundation of Japanese Buddhism, Vol. This is closely related to the idea of original enlightenment. Where is OFAC's country list? Find stories, updates and expert opinion. 2: The Mass Movement (Kamakura and Muromachi Periods), Los Angeles; Tokyo: Buddhist Books International, 1996. Furthermore, Tendai uses a similar hierarchy as the one used in Chinese Tiantai to classify the various other sutras in the Buddhist canon in relation to the Lotus Sutra, and it also follows Zhiyi's original conception of Five Periods Eight Teachings or ''gojihakky''' (). Traditionally included within the Middle East are Arabia, Asia Minor, East Thrace, Egypt, Iran, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and the Socotra Archipelago. For example, the more conservative commentator Hjib Shshin criticized hongaku ideas as a denial of causality. ss4 bp, rs41352448, is not represented in the ISOGG 2008 tree because it is a value for an STR. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4. Due to Rygen's influence, Fujiwara family members also came to occupy important positions at Tendai temples. "[5], Although Jianzhen (Jp. The underbanked represented 14% of U.S. households, or 18. Overall, as of 2007[update], according to the CIA World Factbook, all nations in the Middle East are maintaining a positive rate of growth. He was asked by Emperor Kanmu (735-806) to perform various esoteric rituals, and Saich also sought recognition from the Emperor for a new, independent Tendai school in Japan. the three mysteries) were called riji gumitsu. OFAC administers a number of different sanctions programs. Non-Arab Middle Eastern countries such as Turkey, Israel and Iran are also subject to important migration dynamics. [21], The description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Haplogroup K (M9) is spread all over Eurasia, Oceania and among Native Americans. Its primary subclades are two major haplogroups: Haplogroup P (P295) has two primary branches: P1 (P-M45) and the extremely rare P2 (P-B253). It is a non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic language. The countries of the South CaucasusArmenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgiaare occasionally included in definitions of the Middle East. [24][25], With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, "Near East" largely fell out of common use in English, while "Middle East" came to be applied to the re-emerging countries of the Islamic world. [47] According to Deal and Ruppert, "Shingon, Tendai and Nara cloisters had a great impact on the development of literary treatises and poetry houses. [15] Mahan first used the term in his article "The Persian Gulf and International Relations", published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal. Arabic dialects are also spoken in some adjacent areas in neighbouring Middle Eastern non-Arab countries. One study, which did not comprehensively screen for other subclades of F-M89 (including some subclades of GHIJK), found that Indonesian men with the SNP P14/PF2704 (which is equivalent to M89), comprise 1.8% of men in West Timor, 1.5% of Flores 5.4% of Lembata 2.3% of Sulawesi and 0.2% in Sumatra. In this paper, the concept of social capital is introduced and illustrated, its forms are described, the social structural conditions under which it arises are examined, and it is used in an analysis of dropouts from high school. English is one of the official languages of Akrotiri and Dhekelia. Tendai Buddhism has several philosophical insights which allow for the reconciliation of Buddhist doctrine with aspects of Japanese culture such as Shinto and Japanese aesthetics. Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. [4] This was the fundamental ethical teaching for Tendai thought. [23] In contrast, "Far East" referred to the countries of East Asia (e.g. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Mideast is also acceptable, but Middle East is preferred. Hiei, the Jimon and Sanmon: the Sammon-ha "Mountain Group" () followed Ennin and the Jimon-ha "Temple Group" () followed Enchin. | Center for Middle East and Islamic Studies", "Redrawing American Cartographies of Asia", "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects", "Concocting a 'Greater Middle East' brew", The Greater Middle East Initiative: Off to a False Start, "IOM Intra regional labour mobility in Arab region Facts and Figures (English)", "Europe:: Akrotiri The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency", "Europe:: Dhekelia The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency", "Reports of about 300,000 Jews that left the country after WW2". European ethnic groups that form a diaspora in the region include Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians (including Kabardians), Crimean Tatars, Greeks, Franco-Levantines, Italo-Levantines, and Iraqi Turkmens. By the sixth month of 805, Saich had returned to Japan along with the official mission to China. According to Stone, this practice is based on seeing "that all phenomena are empty of substance, provisionally existing, and the middle, or both empty and provisionally existing simultaneously. In addition to increasing monastic practices related to the Pure Land, monks also taught Pure Land practices to the lay community in the form of reciting the Buddha's name. Eventually, these esoteric rituals came to be considered of equal importance with the teachings of the Lotus Sutra, which was also seen as an esoteric sutra (but only "in principle", not "in practice", since it did not include the practice of the three mysteries). Thus, the Romans stationed up to five or six of their legions in the region for the sole purpose of defending it from Sassanid and Bedouin raids and invasions. It is also spoken as native language by Jewish immigrants from Anglophone countries (UK, USA, Australia) in Israel and understood widely as second language there. "[47], Another influential poet monk from the Tendai tradition was Fujiwara no Shunzei (11141204). White & Case is an international law firm that helps companies, governments and financial institutions achieve their global ambitions. [4], Certain later Tendai figures like Ennin also argued that esoteric practices led to Buddhahood faster than exoteric (non-esoteric) practices and some (such as Annen) argued that they were the only way to full Buddhahood. This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. Expand your Outlook. This was originally known as the shingon (or mikky) of the Tendai lineages and was later named Taimitsu "Tendai Esotericism" (), distinguishing it from the Shingon (Mantra) school, which is known as Tmitsu (, literally, the esotericism of the Tji lineages). In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). Underhill, N.M. Myres, S. Rootsi, C.T. This refers to a way of contemplation that applies in all activities. Because of the arid climate and heavy reliance on the fossil fuel industry, the Middle East is both a heavy contributor to climate change and a region expected to be severely negatively impacted by it. This link is asserted by Shunzei in his Kurai futeisho. Frans Timmermans. Islam is the largest religion in the Middle East, but other faiths that originated there, such as Judaism and Christianity,[44] are also well represented. The Tendai school made extensive use of the Lotus Sutra in its interpretation of the bodhisattva precepts, even though the sutra does not itself contains a specific list of precepts. Although the Tendai sect flourished under the patronage of the Imperial House of Japan and the noble classes, by the end of the Heian period, it experienced an increasing breakdown in monastic discipline, plus political entanglements with rival factions of the Genpei War, namely the Taira and Minamoto clans. [40], Tendai doctrine allowed Japanese Buddhists to reconcile Buddhist teachings with the native religious beliefs and practices of Japan (now labeled "Shinto"). [4][5][6] Several major religions have their origins in the Middle East, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. This was a revolutionary change in East Asian Buddhism that was without precedent. Shshin wrote numerous works and commentaries, and is most known for his commentaries on the writings of Zhiyi, the Personal Notes on the Three Major Works of Tendai (Tendai sandaibu shiki ). The only living males reported to carry the basal paragroup K2* are indigenous Australians. The first category includes the prohibitions against the ten major and forty-eight minor transgressions as explained in the Bonmokyo (T24, 997-1010). MOBIRISE WEB BUILDER Create killer mobile-ready sites! [38], Some of the views of Saich regarding the Mahayana precepts were drawn from the Tiantai masters Huisi and Daosui and the teachings Chan masters like Bodhidharma, Dao-xuan (Dsen, especially his commentary on the Brahm's Net Stra) and Daoxin (Dshin, particularly his Manual of Rules of Bodhisattva Precepts). [22] While, P1* is now more common among living individuals in Eastern Siberia and Central Asia, it is also found at low levels in mainland South East Asia and South Asia. [18], Until World War II, it was customary to refer to areas centered around Turkey and the eastern shore of the Mediterranean as the "Near East", while the "Far East" centered on China,[19] and the Middle East then meant the area from Mesopotamia to Burma, namely the area between the Near East and the Far East. In addition to the five-tone nembutsu brought back from China, Ennin also integrated a special monastic training program called the jgy zanmai (, "Constantly Walking samadhi") originally promulgated by Zhiyi. in contrast to the more integrated approach of the Tendai. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. It is sparsely distributed in Africa, being concentrated among Khoisan populations in the southwest and Nilotic populations toward the northeast in the Nile Valley. The Middle East lies at the juncture of Africa and Eurasia and of the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The region includes 17 UN-recognized countries and one British Overseas Territory. [41] The Togakushi Shrine (, Togakushi Jinja) was also associated with the Tendai school before it was separated from Buddhist institutions by the Japanese state during the separation of Shinto from Buddhism in the 19th century. Journal web gratuit d'actualit de la plaine des Vosges, info dans votre ville Vittel, Mirecourt, Neufchateau et Contrexeville. [1], From the city of Ningbo (then called Mngzhu ), Saich was introduced by the governor to Dosu (), who was the seventh Tiantai patriarch, and later he journeyed to Tiantai Mountain for further study. En 1962 se realiza un prototipo de la enciclopedia mecnica, construido en el Parque de Artillera While Saich had opposed the Office during his lifetime, within a few generations disciples were now gifted with positions in the Office by the Imperial Family. [16] The first category was said to include the Nirvana, Lotus, Vimalakrti, and Huayan stras, all of which were seen as esoteric in principle. Haplogroup O (M175) is found with its highest frequency in East Asia and Southeast Asia, with lower frequencies in the South Pacific, Central Asia, South Asia, and islands in the Indian Ocean (e.g. All Buddhist teachings are seen as being included into the following categories. [61] In 2018, the MENA region emitted 3.2 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide and produced 8.7% of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG)[62] despite making up only 6% of the global population. [26] This teaching in particular was a major point of contention with the Japanese Hoss (Yogacara) school in Japan who espoused the Five Natures Doctrine (, gosh kakubetsu) which argues that not all being can become Buddhas, since some do not have the seeds for Buddhahood. It belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of the family of Indo-European languages. [28] Saich understood the Lotus Sutra to be the "great direct path" to Buddhahood which could be attained in this very body. French is taught and used in many government facilities and media in Lebanon, and is taught in some primary and secondary schools of Egypt and Syria. A more elaborate and systematized practice based on S's simple mountain asceticism developed over time, and came to be called kaihgy (). [4][5][6][clarification needed], Y-DNA haplogroups are defined by the presence of a series of Y-DNA SNP markers. Further, Genshin promoted the popular notion of the Latter Age of the Dharma, which posited that society had degenerated to a point when they could no longer rely on traditional Buddhist practices, and would instead need to rely solely on Amitbha's grace to escape sasra. Haplogroup N possibly originated in eastern Asia and spread both northward and westward into Siberia, being the most common group found in some Uralic-speaking peoples. Email ESPN Radio Shows Josiah Russell estimates the population of what he calls "Islamic territory" as roughly 12.5 million in 1000 Anatolia 8 million, Syria 2 million, and Egypt 1.5 million. The World Bank: World Economic Indicators Database. It is also found at low frequencies in other parts of the Mediterranean and South Asia. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp. This view of the equality and compatibility between the Tiantai Lotus teachings and Esoteric Buddhism was important for Saich. The groups descending from haplogroup F are found in some 90% of the world's population, but almost exclusively outside of sub-Saharan Africa. The dynasty was officially Statistics Explained is an official Eurostat website presenting statistical topics in an easily understandable way. Under the umbrella of the Lotus Sutra, Tendai integrates four main aspects of Mahayana Buddhist practice: According to Saich and other later Tendai scholars, the Perfect teaching of the Lotus Sutra and the tantric doctrines and practices of Esoteric Buddhism had the same ultimate intent. Bookmark Kirkcudbright Pool will stay shut until next year amid funding crisis The search for agricultural lands by agriculturalists, and pastoral lands by herdsmen meant different migrations took place within the region and shaped its ethnic and demographic makeup. Various concepts are often being paralleled to the Middle East, most notably the Near East, Fertile Crescent, and Levant. +267 reps Granny working that bbc.Sucking her a load out. [8] Saich was also influenced by his study of Huayan (Jp. "[2] The idea developed in the Chinese Huayen tradition and influenced Chan Buddhism, as well as the thought of Saich and Kkai.[2]. Commissioners group; Name; Executive Vice-President In office. European Green Deal. Also central to Tendai thought is the notion that the phenomenal world, the world of our experiences, fundamentally is an expression of the Buddhist law (Dharma). The Persian equivalent for Middle East is (Khvar-e miyneh), the Hebrew is (hamizrach hatikhon), the Turkish is Orta Dou and the Greek is (Mesi Anatoli). Banking is also an important sector of the economies, especially in the case of UAE and Bahrain. Shshin rejected the view that esoteric or mantrayana (shingon) Buddhism was superior to the Tendai Mahyna teaching of the one vehicle. It is based on Shgoin Temple, which houses the Honzan group (Honzanha), the Shugend tradition most closely associated with Tendai.[42][43][44]. 1949: ngela Ruiz Robles Desarrolla la primera propuesta de enciclopedia mecnica: "Procedimiento mecnico, elctrico y a presin de aire para lectura de libros", precursora del libro electrnico. Monks specializing in such arts were called ys (artistic monks). The Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous. "[30] Scholars also refer to the doctrinal system associated with this idea as "original enlightenment thought". [50][51] It is also a main language in some Emirates of the United Arab Emirates. Other examples include Enchin's appointment to the Office of Monastic Affairs in 883. This change in nomenclature has resulted in inconsistent nomenclature being used in different sources. Haplogroup R (M207, M306): found in Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia, Q is defined by the SNP M242. Saich's disciple Ennin went to China in 838 and returned ten years later with a more thorough understanding of esoteric, Pure Land, and Tiantai teachings. The Near East, Fertile Crescent, and Levant are geographical concepts, which refer to large sections of the modern-day Middle East, with the Near East being the closest to the Middle East in its geographical meaning. In spite of the rise of these new competing schools which saw Tendai as being "corrupt", medieval Tendai remained a "a rich, varied, and thriving tradition" during the medieval period according to Jacqueline Stone.[2]. It also includes general restrictions against any kind of evil activity, whether physical, verbal, or mental. Saich argued in favor of this idea in his Kenkairon (, On promoting the Mahyna precepts). Tamura argue that this move re-affirms the relative phenomenal world as an expression of the ultimate nondual reality and is found in phrases lilke the worldly passions are precisely enlightenment and birth and death are precisely nirvana. [1] The Tendai school, which has been based on Mount Hiei since its inception, rose to prominence during the Heian period (794-1185). Tendai (, Tendai-sh), also known as the Tendai Lotus School ( Tendai hokke sh, sometimes just "hokke sh") is a Mahyna Buddhist tradition (with significant esoteric elements) officially established in Japan in 806 by the Japanese monk Saich (posthumously known as Dengy Daishi). Gozu) school and Northern schools integrated them into his Tendai system. [11], The remainder of Saich's life was spent in heated debates with notable Hoss figures, particularly Tokuitsu, and maintaining an increasingly strained relationship with Kkai (from whom he received esoteric initiations) to broaden his understanding of esoteric Buddhism. The six top languages, in terms of numbers of speakers, are Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Kurdish, Hebrew and Greek. [9][28] Unlike the Shingon founder Kkai, Saich did not see esoteric teachings as more powerful or superior to exoteric Tendai teaching and practice. Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. [1] This was because Saich attempted to integrate esoteric Buddhism (mikkyo) into his broader Tendai schema, seeing esoteric Buddhism as equal to the Tendai Lotus Sutra teaching. For Shshin, sokushin jbutsu applied to those who had "superior religious faculties" because they "have previously practiced the various provisional teachings" in many previous lives. [65][66] The region of Middle East is one of the most vulnerable to climate change. The region is one of the regions where agriculture was independently discovered, and from the Middle East it was spread, during the Neolithic, to different regions of the world such as Europe, the Indus Valley and Eastern Africa. [32], The Greater Middle East was a political term coined by the second Bush administration in the first decade of the 21st century,[33] to denote various countries, pertaining to the Muslim world, specifically Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey. These were followed by the Hittite, Greek, Hurrian and Urartian civilisations of Asia Minor; Elam, Persia and Median civilizations in Iran, as well as the civilizations of the Levant (such as Ebla, Mari, Nagar, Ugarit, Canaan, Aramea, Mitanni, Phoenicia and Israel) and the Arabian Peninsula (Magan, Sheba, Ubar). The 4 caliphates that dominated the Middle East for more than 600 years were the Rashidun Caliphate, the Umayyad caliphate, the Abbasid caliphate and the Fatimid caliphate. This is "the most detailed study on Tendai doctrine until the twentieth century," according to Matthew Don McMullen. Persian is the second most spoken language. [37] This page was last edited on 10 December 2022, at 21:48. [4], Tendai thought also vigorously defends the idea that all beings have the potential for full buddhahood and thus that the Lotus Sutra was a teaching for all sentient beings. Favorite Snow and Snowmen Stories to Celebrate the Joys of Winter. However, in later years, this range of teachings began to form sub-schools within Tendai Buddhism. By: Wasp +146 reps I blew my load watching her at the two minute mark. There are several lineages of Taimitsu, the main ones being the Sanmon (Mountain branch of Ennin's lineage, which has a further 13 sub-branches) and Jimon (Temple branch of Enchin's lineage, which is more unified). [34] Various Central Asian countries are sometimes also included.[35]. ", "Understanding Results: Y-DNA Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP): How are haplogroups and their subclades named? Haplogroup R is defined by the SNP M207. [49] These poets also understood the depth of ygen through the holistic Tendai metaphysics of interfusion.[49]. Patentada con fecha 7 de diciembre de 1949, segn la patente nm. China, but also in Myanmar, Laos, northern Thailand, and Vietnam), the Yunnan Tai (the major Tai group in Yunnan), and the tribal Tai (in northern. By: Chuck [3] Y-DNA haplogroups represent major branches of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree that share hundreds or even thousands of mutations unique to each haplogroup. Jacinda Kate Laurell Ardern (/ d s n d r d r n / j-SIN-d ar-DURN; born 26 July 1980) is a New Zealand politician who has been serving as the 40th prime minister of New Zealand and leader of the Labour Party since 2017. "[40] According to the International Organization for Migration, there are 13million first-generation migrants from Arab nations in the world, of which 5.8 reside in other Arab countries. By this time, Japanese Buddhism was dominated by the Tendai school to a much greater degree than Chinese Buddhism was by its forebearer, the Tiantai. [23] This holistic and inclusive form of Buddhism is based on the doctrinal synthesis of Tiantai Zhiyi, which was ultimately based on the Lotus Sutra.[23]. Chow, A.A. Lin, R.P. [12] Because of the central importance of the Lotus Sutra, Tendai Buddhism sees all Buddhist teachings and practices as being united under the One Vehicle (ekayana) taught in the Lotus Sutra. Together, the articles make up an encyclopedia of European statistics for everyone, completed by a statistical glossary clarifying all terms used and by numerous links to further information and the latest data and Treasury International Capital (TIC) System. By the Kamakura period (1185-1333), Tendai had become one of the dominant forms of Japanese Buddhism, with numerous temples and vast landholdings. [15][16] F* (FxF1,F2,F3) has been reported among 10% of males in Sri Lanka and South India, 5% in Pakistan, as well as lower levels among the Tamang people (Nepal), and in Iran. Darby and The Dead 2022 1080p HULU WEBRip 1400MB DD5 1 x264-GalaxyRG Several major rivers provide irrigation to support agriculture in limited areas here, such as the Nile Delta in Egypt, the Tigris and Euphrates watersheds of Mesopotamia, and the basin of the Jordan River that spans most of the Levant. Tendai learning at Mount Hiei traditionally followed two curriculums:[1][9], However, Emperor Kanmu died shortly thereafter, and Saich was not allocated any ordinands until 809 with the reign of Emperor Saga. From the 4th century CE onwards, the Middle East became the center of the two main powers at the time, the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire. ", The Lotus that was Preached Explicitly: The actual text of the, The Common teaching to both Mahayana and non-Mahayana (, The Perfect Tendai teaching, derived from the, Precepts against doing evil deeds, such as murder, theft, pride, anger, and so forth (, Precepts encouraging good activity, for benefiting oneself (, Precepts encouraging activity which will benefit others (, Gien (13941441) the 153rd zasu, who later returned to secular life and reigned Japan as. During the antiquity, Ancient Greek was the lingua franca for many areas of the western Middle East and until the Muslim expansion it was widely spoken there as well. (2019). Other concepts of the region exist including the broader the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), which includes states of the Maghreb and the Sudan, or the "Greater Middle East" which additionally also includes parts of East Africa, Mauritania, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and sometimes Central Asia and the South Caucasus. The third-most widely spoken language, Turkish, is largely confined to Turkey, which is also one of the region's largest and most populous countries, but it is present in areas in neighboring countries. After Gishin, the next zasu of the Tendai school were: Ench (), Ennin (794-864), An'e (), Enchin (814-891), Yuishu (), Yken () and Ksai ().[12]. The "real" Buddha is the ordinary worldling. According to Lucia Dolce, later Taimitsu thinkers like Annen, "displaced other practices existent in Tendai as soteriologically incomplete practices. Genshin drew upon past Chinese Pure Land teachers such as Daochuo and Shandao.[33]. [21], P*, P1* and P2 are found together only on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. [46] The writing of religious poetry was also a major pursuit among certain Tendai as well as Shingon figures, like the Shingon priest Shukaku and the Tendai monk Jien (11551225). One of the adaptations by the Tendai school was the introduction of esoteric Buddhist practice into Tendai Buddhism. European Green Deal. After that time, the term "Middle East" gained broader usage in Europe and the United States, with the Middle East Institute founded in Washington, D.C. in 1946, among other usage.[20]. Arabic, with all its dialects, is the most widely spoken language in the Middle East, with Literary Arabic being official in all North African and in most West Asian countries. Please add such references to provide context and establish the relevance of any. [8], Seven days after Saich died, the Imperial Court granted permission for the new Tendai Bodhisattva Precept ordination process which allowed Tendai to use an ordination platform separate from the powerful schools in Nara. Rygen (912-985) was the 18th abbot of the head temple Enyrakuji at Mount Hiei. [67] The MENA region is especially vulnerable to such impacts due to its arid and semi-arid environment, facing climatic challenges such as low rainfall, high temperatures and dry soil. Armenian speakers are also to be found in the region. 1: The Aristocratic Age, Los Angeles; Tokyo: Buddhist Books International. Genshin (942-1017), a student of Rygen, wrote the famous jysh ("Essentials of Birth in the Pure Land"), a treatise on Pure Land practice which influenced later Pure Land Japanese figures.[19]. [12] Other differences mainly relate to lineages and outlook. He wrote around a hundred works on Tendai doctrine and practice. [2] However, not all Tendai thinkers embraced hongaku thought. [15], According to Lucia Dolce, Annen "systematized earlier and contemporary doctrines elaborated in both streams of Japanese esoteric Buddhism, Tmitsu (i.e., Shingon) and Taimitsu (Tendai)," "critically reinterpreted Kkais thought, offering new understandings of crucial esoteric concepts and rituals," and he also "elaborated theories that were to become emblematic of Japanese Buddhism, such as the realization of buddhahood by grasses and trees (smoku jbutsu)" as well as hongaku shis thought. Book List. Genshin wrote an influential treatise called jysh (, "The Essentials of Rebirth in the Pure Land"), which vividly contrasted the Sukhavati Pure Land of Amitbha with the descriptions of the hell realms in Buddhism. Hiei to protect the Tendai school's interests. the non-duality of ultimate truth and worldly truth) were called rimitsu and those that teach the principles and practices (i.e. The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar; it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf. Sharp global temperature and sea level changes, shifting precipitation patterns and increased frequency of extreme weather events are some of the main impacts of climate change as identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). [22], According to Jiko Hazama, the Tendai Buddhist worldview advocates a comprehensive form of Buddhism which sees all Buddhist teachings as being unified under an inclusive reading of the ekayna teaching of the Lotus Sutra. Ritchie, L.L. [4] David W. Chappell sees Tendai as "the most comprehensive and diversified" Buddhist tradition which provides a religious framework that is "suited to adapt to other cultures, to evolve new practices, and to universalize Buddhism. [30], Tamura Yoshir argued that hongaku was a non-dual teaching which saw all existents as interpenetrating and mutually identified. [8], Saich also studied esoteric Buddhism under Kkai, the founder of the Shingon school. [citation needed] In the late 1930s, the British established the Middle East Command, which was based in Cairo, for its military forces in the region. Sann Shint was a specifically Tendai branch of sryncretic Buddhist-Shinto religious practice, which revered kamis called the Mountain Kings (Sann) or Sanno Sansei (The Three Sacred [Deities] of Sanno) and was based on Hie Taisha a shrine on Mount Hiei. upaya) of teaching Buddhism. [28], The origins of Taimitsu are found in Chinese Esoteric Buddhism similar to the lineage of Kkai, and Saich's disciples were encouraged to study under him. This manifestation of the Buddhas was explained through the classic Mahayana doctrines of skillful means and the Trikaya. The world's earliest civilizations, Mesopotamia (Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia), ancient Egypt and Kish in the Levant, all originated in the Fertile Crescent and Nile Valley regions of the ancient Near East. Indeed, the whole phenomenal world is the primordially enlightened Tathgata. Active Sanctions Programs: Program Last Updated: Afghanistan-Related Sanctions 02/25/2022 About 20 minority languages are also spoken in the Middle East. Its subclade R1b1a2 (M269) is the haplogroup that is most commonly found among modern Western European populations, and has been associated with the Italo-Celtic and Germanic peoples. Another Semitic language such as Aramaic and its dialects are spoken mainly by Assyrians and Mandaeans. Arabs constitute the largest ethnic group in the Middle East, followed by various Iranian peoples and then by Turkic peoples (Turkish, Azeris, Syrian Turkmen, and Iraqi Turkmen). Native ethnic groups of the region include, in addition to Arabs, Arameans, Assyrians, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Greek Cypriots, Jews, Kurds, Lurs, Mandaeans, Persians, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, and Zazas. Its age has been estimated at approximately 88,000 years old,[11][12] and more recently at around 100,000[13] or 101,000 years old.[14]. It gradually eclipsed the powerful Hoss school and competed with the rival Shingon school to become the most influential sect at the Imperial court. "[4], Other unique elements include an exclusive use of the bodhisattva precepts for ordination (without the pratimoksha), a practice tradition based on the "Four Integrated Schools" (Pure Land, Zen, Mikkyo and Precepts), and an emphasis on the study of Chinese Esoteric Buddhist sources. This contrasted with earlier practices in Japan starting in the Nara period, where meditation on images of the Pure Land, typically in the form of mandala, were practiced. Gishin, Saich's disciple and the first "zasu" (, "Head of the Tendai Order"), presided over the first allotted ordinands in 827. [30], A feature unique to Japanese Tendai Buddhism from its inception was the concept of shishyg (, "Integrating the Four Schools"). Saich wrote the Kenkairon to respond to their criticisms. Stella Kyriakides. 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