See Figure27. Router or firewall interfaces are the most common devices found on these VLANs. Sub-system ISSU on the Cisco Catalyst 6500 leverages Cisco IOS modularity and the ability it provides to replace individual Cisco IOS components (such as routing protocols) without impacting the forwarding of traffic or other components in the system. More information about this feature is available in the Traffic Identification and Traceback section of this document and at http://www.cisco.com/go/netflow (registered Cisco customers only). Then it is highly recommended to ensure that the wireless adapter used to collect an OTA packet capture is also a 2SS or better adapter, with 802.11n or newer specifications. Figure10 Virtual Switch vs. Spanning Tree Topology. Another trend to be aware of is that network discovery and configuration capabilities of CDP are being complemented with the addition of the IEEE LLDP and LLDP-MED protocols. Another important aspect of the data center design is flexibility in quickly deploying and supporting new services. Unified CM Administration, choose. Guide. By using NBAR (deep packet inspection), it is possible to determine that there are undesired applications on the network and either drop that traffic or mark it as scavengerdepending on the type of traffic and the network policy. The report includes information See topics related to Alert Central displays for a list of preconfigured alerts. In the context of security, configuration archives can also be used to determine what security changes were made, and when these changes occurred. The system cannot determine the state of the service, as indicated in the Critical Services pane. From a technical or network engineering perspective, the concept of a campus has also been understood to mean the high-speed Layer-2 and Layer-3 Ethernet switching portions of the network outside of the data center. this parameter is Disabled. See Figure19. different node, you must use a new instance of Unified RTMT that is installed. For example, use SSH instead of Telnet, so that both authentication data and management information are encrypted. counter. Central in Unified RTMT. Proper planning of the data center infrastructure design is critical, and performance, resiliency, and scalability need to be carefully considered. Each is described briefly in the sections that follow. The configuration of a secondary VLAN as an isolated VLAN completely prevents communication between devices in the secondary VLAN. Enterprise Campus 3.0 Architecture: Overview and Framework, Enterprise Campus Architecture and Design Introduction, Campus Architecture and Design Principles, Mapping the Control and Data Plane to the Physical Hierarchy, Tools and Approaches for Campus High Availability, Converged Wired and Wireless Campus Design, Application Optimization and Protection Services, Perimeter Access Control and Edge Security. Problems in one area of the network very often impacted the entire network. Ensuring that the overall architecture provides for the optimal degree of flexibility possible will ensure that future business and technology requirements will be easier and more cost effective to implement. unified, dynamic policies, and threat visibility. The configuration of CoPP is similar to data-plane QoS configuration and uses the same Modular QoS CLI (MQC) configuration structures: Cisco NX-OS provides simplified setup for typical network environments by offering predefined class maps and policy maps using the initial configuration setup script. After the packet reaches the remote network, the forwarding IP device sends the packet as a Layer 2 broadcast to all stations on the subnet. Network observability. If you have a Non-blocking or low-over-subscribed switch fabricMany HPC applications are bandwidth-intensive with large quantities of data transfer and interprocess communications between compute nodes. WebGet the most from your Cisco security infrastructure by utilizing our industry-leading expertise throughout the lifecycle of your product. Refer to the Cisco whitepaper, Introduction to Cisco IOS NetFlow: A Technical Overview for a general technical overview of NetFlow. It is recommended to use multiple, compatible 802.11ac capable USB WLAN adapters, such as the Savvius WiFI Adapter for OmniPeek (802.11ac), Netgear A6210, or similar. Compressing files This mesh fabric is used to share state, data, and other information between master-to-compute and compute-to-compute servers in the cluster. This document is the first part of an overall systems design guide that addresses enterprise campus architectures using the latest advanced services technologies from Cisco and is based on best-practice design principles that have been tested in an enterprise systems environment. The wide variety of possible types of devices that can connect and the various services and dynamic configuration mechanisms that are necessary, make the access layer one of the most feature-rich parts of the campus network. Once you have collected the initial output of the aforementioned show commands, you can now enable the debugs on the same access point in a separate Telnet/SSH session as shown. For Unified RTMT to continue to retrieve information when the primary Refer to the Cisco white paper Access Control Lists and IP Fragments for more information about ACL handling of fragmented IP packets. As such, the messages it conveys can have far-reaching ramifications for TCP and IP in general. RTMTCollector, a component that is automatically installed with VLAN ACLS (VACLs), or VLAN maps and PACLs, provide the capability to enforce access control on nonrouted traffic that is closer to endpoint devices than ACLs that are applied to routed interfaces. Allows you to view the Port Monitor tool. You must use secure protocols whenever possible. Authentication for the CMP is tied to the AAA methods for authentication configured on the main system supervisor. To install Small Business 100 Series Wireless Access Points, Small Business 300 Series Wireless Access Points, Small Business 500 Series Wireless Access Points, Aironet 600 Series OfficeExtend Access Point, Aironet 700 Series Access Points The following example shows how to change the fabric security mode to strict. cannot connect to those nodes. The coordinated use of multiple features and the use of features to serve multiple purposes are aspects of resilient design. Learn more about how Cisco is using Inclusive Language. Earlier releases of Cisco NX-OS Software may not include all features or capabilities discussed here. This chapter defines the framework on which the recommended data center architecture is based and introduces the primary data center design models: the multi-tier and server cluster models. Table4 provides a breakdown of some decision criteria that can be used to evaluate the tradeoffs between wired vs. wireless access. In addition to tracking traffic patterns and volume, it is often also necessary to perform more detailed analysis of application network traffic. As the end user community becomes increasingly mobile, it will be necessary for some extended period of time to ensure that any device be able to attach to any port in the campus and receive the appropriate network access configuration and serviceswhether a device supports CDP, LLDP, or both. Aironet 1800 Series, Aironet 1810 Series OfficeExtend Access Points This document contains information to help you secure, or harden, your Cisco NX-OS Software system devices, which increases the overall security of your network. you specify the specific performance counters, devices, and alerts within that Central, Voice/Video > CallProcess > Session The following sections of this document detail the security features and configurations available in Cisco NX-OS that help fortify the management plane. local system. However, in cases where it does not, the features are explained in such a way that you can evaluate whether additional attention to a feature is required. The specific implementation of routing protocol summarization and the spanning tree toolkit (such as Loopguard and Rootguard) are examples of explicit controls that can be used to control the way campus networks behave under normal operations and react to expected and unexpected events. In a network of three switches connected in serial, with no redundancy, the network will break if any one of the three switches breaks. Allows you monitor server and network activity of the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server. to reset all alerts to the default configuration. ? RealtimeAndTraceCollection group. Refer to the Port ACLs section of the Catalyst Switch Software Configuration Guide - Configuring Network Security with ACLs for more information about the configuration of PACLs. Traffic that exceeds a normal or approved threshold for an extended period of time can also be classified as scavenger. Five minutes of outage experienced in the middle of a critical business event has a significant impact on the enterprise. Common examples of these types of connections are external BGP (eBGP), SSH, and SNMP. In the later sections of this document, an overview of each of these services and a description of how they interoperate in a campus network is discussed. In addition, Cisco Log Partitioning Monitoring Tool service checks the server every 5 seconds for newly created core dump files. A manual configuration checkpoint can be initiated with the checkpoint command. information. Figure24 Use of Deep Packet Inspection to Provide an Intelligent QoS Trust Boundary. services. Any large complex system must be built using a set of modularized components that can be assembled in a hierarchical and structured manner. WebServices from IBM works with the worlds leading companies to reimagine and reinvent their business build, measure, iterate and scale solutions seamlessly with our end-to-end framework of design thinking, agile and DevOps practices. service parameters (in Cisco RIS Data Collector service): The system The management plane is used to access, configure, and manage a device, in addition to monitoring the devices operations and the network on which it is deployed. (i.e. It also defines a reference design framework that provides the context for each of the specific design chaptershelping the network engineer understand how specific design topics fit into the overall architecture. Here is an example to configurea Wireshark capture for the wireless interface on a MacBook Pro: As with any packet capture, regardless of what utility is used to collect it, ensure to save the file in a pcap file format (i.e. The calculations for the system MTBF are based on the probability that one switch in a non-redundant (serial) network breaks (Figure15), or both switches in a redundant (parallel) design break (Figure16). The ability to locate a device to aid in problem resolution is more critical when the device has the ability to roam throughout the network with no associated change control process. In the modern business world, the core of the network must operate as a non-stop 7x24x365 service. Protecting the control plane of a network device is critical because the control plane helps ensure that the management and data planes are maintained and operational. Manager IM and Presence Service. Port security is used to mitigate MAC address spoofing at the access interface. The minimum, maximum, average, Setup The following mechanisms can be used to provide the necessary telemetry data required to detect and observe any anomalous or malicious activities: NetFlowProvides the ability to track each data flow that appears in the network. This task is greatly simplified if password management is centralized using AAA services. It is also important in the drive towards maintaining a high level of overall network availability that the operations teams be able to understand what went wrong. Unified RTMT on a client that is running the Linux operating system, click the Implementing hierarchy in the campus network is not just a matter of physical design. Time and resources to implement new business applications are decreasing. closer look at perfmon counters, you can zoom in on a perfmon monitor counter Most data plane traffic flows across the network as determined by the networks routing configuration. Although Figure1-6 demonstrates a four-way ECMP design, this can scale to eight-way by adding additional paths. These web service application environments are used by ERP and CRM solutions from Siebel and Oracle, to name a few. All rights reserved. The exec-timeout command must be used to log out sessions on any vty that is left idle. Classification ACLs are a component of ACLs and require planning to identify specific traffic and manual intervention during analysis. Figure23 Campus QoS Trust Boundary Recommendations. The result of this basic difference is that while wireless access provides for a highly flexible environment allowing seamless roaming throughout the campus it suffers the risk that the network service will degrade under extreme conditions and will not always be able to guarantee network service level requirements. Step 2: Configure UC services. Explore Secure DDoS Protection. The documentation set for this product strives to use bias-free language. This document describes in detail what information needs to be initially collected to effectively investigate and troubleshoot such wireless interoperability issues when they arise with Cisco's Unified Wireless Network (CUWN) solution. Without the ability to monitor and observe what is happening in the network, it can be extremely difficult to detect the presence of unauthorized devices or malicious traffic flows. The management plane of a device can be accessed in-band or out-of-band on a physical or logical management interface. Password protection is accomplished by defining a password or secret that is used to authenticate requests. It is reasonable to assume that most enterprise campus environments will continue to have variations in business application requirements and will need a combination of both wired and wireless access for years to come. See Figure14. improving availability is achieved by either increasing the MTBF (reducing the probability of something breaking) or decreasing the MTTR (reducing the time to recover from a failure) or both. Spanning tree should remain configured as a backup resiliency mechanism. 2022 Cisco and/or its affiliates. Devices remain in service longer and the percentage of overall cost associated with the long-term operation of each device is growing relative to its original capital cost. This ensures both a faster and a more deterministic failure recovery. It is still recommended that, in campus environments leveraging the CSA and Vista marking capabilities, the network itself be designed to provide the appropriate traffic identification and policing controls. There is no option to modify this behavior. Tools: The tools component contains all of the functions that Unified Analysis Manager supports. The appropriate use of Layer-2 and Layer-3 summarization, security, and QoS boundaries all apply to a virtual switch environment. It provides an overview of each security feature included in Cisco NX-OS and includes references to related documentation. ICMP unreachable messages: Packets that result in ICMP unreachable messages due to routing, maximum transmission unit (MTU), or filtering are processed by the CPU. ), Specify every X minutes up to Y times. Without PVLANs, all devices on a Layer 2 VLAN can communicate freely. install the plug-in, open Unified RTMT. Parameters Configuration" chapter in the You can either leverage the embeded capabilities in macOS with the use of the Wireless Diagnostics > Sniffer method or similar as discussed previously, but optionally you can use a third-party utility called Airtool as well (OS X 10.8 and later). SNMP Version 3 (SNMPv3) is defined by RFC3410, RFC3411, RFC3412, RFC3413, RFC3414, and RFC3415 and is an interoperable standards-based protocol for network management. Similarly the switch will identify the specific power requirements as well as the correctly set the port QoS configuration based on the presence of a phone on the edge port. After you log in to a server, RTMT launches the monitoring module from the local cache or from a remote server when the local cache does not contain a monitoring module that matches the back-end version. For detailed design guidance, see each of the appropriate design document that addresses each specific module. Trading systems, health care, and other real-time applications might have just as strict or even more strict requirements for network recovery speed. What a campus does or needs to provide can be categorized into six groups: In the following sections, each of these services or service level requirements is introduced. Application > Plugins. This traffic consists of this category: The second type of traffic that is handled by the CPU is data-plane traffic with a destination beyond the Cisco NX-OS device itself that requires special processing by the CPU. This example uses an extended named access list to illustrate the configuration of this feature: This example demonstrates the use of a VLAN map to deny access to TCP ports 139 and 445: Refer to the Configuring Network Security with ACLs section of the Catalyst Switch Software Configuration Guide for general information about the configuration of VLAN maps. button. Forwarding Plane FlexibilityThe ability to support the introduction and use of IPv6 as a parallel requirement along side IPv4. Client authentication protocols are integrated into WLAN standards and incorporated into the existing end station clients. installation file to your preferred location. By creating multiple profiles, so each profile displays unique information, you can quickly display different information by switching profiles. The distribution layer on the other hand serves multiple purposes. From a network operations perspective, achieving a maximum of five minutes of downtime over the year is a significant goal. and last fields show the values for the counter since the monitoring began for chipsets from Ralink, Atheros, etc. compares the values of these parameters against the actual system CPU and An increased desire for mobility, the drive for heightened security, and the need to accurately identify and segment users, devices and networks are all being driven by the changes in the way businesses partner and work with other organizations. Jumbo frame supportMany HPC applications use large frame sizes that exceed the 1500 byte Ethernet standard. After an alert has been raised, its color automatically The ability to make changes, upgrade software, and replace or upgrade hardware in a production is possible due to the implementation of network and device redundancy. Studies indicate that most common failures in campus networks are associated with Layer-1 failures-from components such as power, fans, and fiber links. The components of the server cluster are as follows: Front endThese interfaces are used for external access to the cluster, which can be accessed by application servers or users that are submitting jobs or retrieving job results from the cluster. RADIUS is a protocol similar in purpose to TACACS+; however, RADIUS encrypts only the password sent across the network. Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) is an IEEE protocol defined in the IEEE 802.1AB standard. The Human Network is collaborative, interactive and focused on the real-time communications of the end-user, whoever that user may be a worker, a customer, a partner, anyone. By implementing an explicit rule that enforces that expected behavior, the network design achieves a higher degree of overall resiliency by preventing all of the potential problems that could happen if thousands of MAC addresses suddenly appeared on an edge port. Usually, the master node is the only node that communicates with the outside world. HPC Type 3Parallel file processing (also known as loosely coupled). For to collect real-time information for devices and CTI applications. The enterprise campus is usually understood as that portion of the computing infrastructure that provides access to network communication services and resources to end users and devices spread over a single geographic location. In addition, you must obtain knowledge of a vulnerability prior to evaluating its threat to a network. Figure1-6 takes the logical cluster view and places it in a physical topology that focuses on addressing the preceding items. Communications Manager IM and Presence Administration, choose The AAA server then uses its configured policies to permit or deny the command for that particular user. For single sign-on Because information can be disclosed during an interactive management session, this traffic must be encrypted so that a malicious user cannot gain access to the data being transmitted. As with any other passwords used for production environments, community strings should be chosen with caution and should consist of a series of alphabetical, numerical, and nonalphanumeric symbols that are not easily guessed or compromised using dictionary attacks. install multiple copies of Unified RTMT on a single computer, you must install This allows for a more seamless cooperation and collaboration process,which further facilitates both Cisco and the client device vendor(s) to better work together to investigate and resolve any potential interoperability issues. Often an attacker uses ARP poisoning to perform a man-in-the-middle attack. As these LANs grew and became interconnectedforming the first generation of campus networksthe same challenges faced by the software developers became apparent to the network engineers. alert events. It depends on the device, there might also be means to collect a tcpdump or similar from the client in question, so you might need to consult with the client device manufacturer for assistance in this regard. Configuration for both per-subnet or VLAN features such as access lists, ip-helper, and others must be made only once, not replicated and kept in sync between two separate switches. To help ensure that the appropriate information is collected at the time ofany test with the client device(s) that end users experience issues with. your system is experiencing performance problems with specific objects, create Resiliency is achieved by load balancing the network traffic between the tiers, and security is achieved by placing firewalls between the tiers. Trace and Log IP source guard is effective at reducing spoofing for networks that are under direct administrative control by performing switch port, MAC address, and source address verification. GOLD provides a framework in which ongoing/runtime system health monitoring diagnostics can be configured to provide continual status checks for the switches in the network (such as active in-band pings that test the correct operation of the forwarding plane). Get advice on colocation hosting, networks and routers, ASNs and routing, review providers and offer suggestions on choosing colocation, One approach to this problem of scale is to distribute the security services into the switching fabric itself. The ability to remove physical loops from the topology, and no longer be dependent on spanning tree, is one of the significant advantages of the virtual switch design. The amount of time that a person is willing to listen to dead air before deciding that the call (network) failedcausing the user to hang upis variable, but tends to be in the 3-to-6 second range. This includes configuring traces settings, collecting logs, and viewing configurations. The documentation set for this product strives to use bias-free language. For the purposes of this documentation set, bias-free is defined as language that does not imply discrimination based on age, disability, gender, racial identity, ethnic identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality. While it is the appropriate design for many environments, it is not suitable for all environments, because it requires that no VLAN span multiple access switches. upgrade to a newer version of RTMT, Cisco recommends that you uninstall Although not an exhaustive list of data-plane traffic that can affect the CPU, these types of traffic are potentially process switched and can therefore affect the operation of the control plane: The following list details several methods to determine which types of traffic are being processed by the Cisco NX-OS device CPU: Receive adjacency traffic can be identified through the use of the show ip cache flow command. Right-click the counter and select Cisco recommends that you have knowledge of these topics: This document is not restricted to specific software and hardware versions. However, it might still be needed to collect the full run-config output at a later time. While the use of the AutoSecure feature can greatly ease the process of protecting all the devices in the network, it is recommended that a network security policy be developed and that a regular audit process be implemented to ensure the compliance of all network devices. password after you click any one of the following menus: System > Performance > Performance log These modules provide services, such as content switching, firewall, SSL offload, intrusion detection, network analysis, and more. Enterprise environments are not usually as concerned with the accounting aspects of the FCAPS model because they usually do not implement complex usage billing systems. Changes in the design or capacity of the distribution layer can be implemented in a phased or incremental manner. The redundancy and resiliency built into the design are intended to prevent failures (faults) from impacting the availability of the campus. Neither wired nor wireless environments will be solely sufficient to support all business requirements. All other control-plane traffic is allowed: Note: Dropping traffic from unknown or untrusted IP addresses can prevent hosts with dynamically assigned IP addresses from connecting to the Cisco NX-OS device. Learn more about how Cisco is using Inclusive Language. Cisco NX-OS Configuration Management Configuration Checkpoint and Configuration Rollback Configuration Change Notification and Logging Securing the Control Plane General Control-Plane Hardening IP ICMP Redirect Messages ICMP Unreachable Messages Proxy Address Resolution Protocol NTP Limiting the Effect of Control-Plane Traffic on the CPU Understanding Control-Plane Traffic iACLs CoPP Securing the Data Plane General Data-Plane Hardening Disabling IP Source Routing Disabling ICMP Redirect Messages Disabling or Limiting IP Directed Broadcasts Filtering Transit Traffic with tACLs Filtering ICMP Packets Filtering IP Fragments Implementing Antispoofing Protection Configuring uRPF Using IP Source Guard Using Port Security Using DAI Configuring Antispoofing ACLs Limiting the Effect of Data-Plane Traffic on the CPU Features and Traffic Types That Affect the CPU Traffic Identification and Traceback NetFlow Classification ACLs Access Control with VLAN Maps and PACLs Access Control with VLAN Maps Access Control with PACLs Access Control with MAC Address ACLs Private VLANs Isolated VLANs Community VLANs Promiscuous PortsCisco ACI Security The left side of the illustration (A) shows the physical topology, and the right side (B) shows the VLAN allocation across the service modules, firewall, load balancer, and switch. Defining the trust boundary as close to the edge of the network as possible means all of the application flowseven person-to-person voice calls between colleagues in the same area are protected. Figure13 Examples of Campus Resiliency Features. for the following information: Call Activity The syntax for creating PACLs, which take precedence over VLAN maps and router ACLs, is the same as for router ACLs. The structured hierarchical design inherently provides for a high degree of flexibility because it allows staged or gradual changes to each module in the network fairly independently of the others. These users will most often leverage a combination of their own computing equipmentusually their corporate provided laptopand equipment, phones, printers, and the like provided by the host enterprise. Most campus environments will gain the greatest advantages of a virtual switch in the distribution layer. As enterprises migrate to VoIP and Unified Communications, what is considered acceptable availability must also be re-evaluated. The CMP functions internally as an independent device, much like an integrated lights-out (iLO) port on a server or a built-in terminal server. The traditional high performance computing cluster that emerged out of the university and military environments was based on the type 1 cluster. Reset all Alerts to Default Config: This menu category allows you One way to provide this notification is to place this information in a banner message that is configured with the Cisco NX-OS banner login command. Network observability. Instead, authentication fallback should be set to use the local database when AAA servers are unreachable. In the enterprise, developers are increasingly requesting higher bandwidth and lower latency for a growing number of applications. Additional information about filtering unused addresses is available at The Bogon Reference. The following configuration creates a scheduler job to automatically generate a configuration checkpoint every eight hours: Checkpoints in the internal system checkpoint database can be viewed with the command show checkpoint summary, and the actual contents of the checkpoint files can be viewed with show checkpoint. Scalable fabric bandwidthECMP permits additional links to be added between the core and access layer as required, providing a flexible method of adjusting oversubscription and bandwidth per server. Cisco Unified Communications Manager upgrade on all servers in the cluster. At the same time, these networks have become larger and more complex, while the business environment and its underlying communication requirements continue to evolve. For the purposes of this document, client connection is the process for a wireless client to pass through these steps: 802.11 Section. However, often times the end customer is not properly equipped or prepared to collect OTA packet captures. You can monitor the performance of the components of the system and the components for the application on the system by choosing the counters for any object by using the Cisco Unified Real-Time Monitoring Tool. Parameter window in miniature window of information. Alert Detail: This menu category provides detailed information on Note any client parameters that have been changed from the default settings provided by the vendor in question (i.e. If you want to monitor more counters, you can configure a new category and display the data in table format. Aironet 700W Series Access Points, 800 and 1900 Series ISR Integrated Access Points, Aironet 1800 Access Points Any successful architecture or system is based on a foundation of solid design theory and principles. Figure1-5 Logical View of a Server Cluster. The various control protocols (such as EIGRP or OSPF) all provide the capability to configure specific responses to failure events. Monitor Cisco Security Advisories and Responses, Use Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting, Recommendations for Creating Strong Passwords, Limiting Access to the Network with Infrastructure ACLs, Filtering Internet Control Message Protocol Packets, Securing the Console Port, Auxiliary Port, and Connectivity Management Processor, Do Not Log to Console or Monitor Sessions, Configuration Checkpoint and Configuration Rollback, Configuration Change Notification and Logging, Limiting the Effect of Control-Plane Traffic on the CPU, Disabling or Limiting IP Directed Broadcasts, Limiting the Effect of Data-Plane Traffic on the CPU, Features and Traffic Types That Affect the CPU, Appendix A: Cisco NX-OS Hardening Checklist, Risk Triage for Security Vulnerability Announcements, A Security-Oriented Approach to IP Addressing, Protecting Your Core: Infrastructure Protection Access Control Lists, Cisco NX-OS System Management Configuration Guide, Transit Access Control Lists: Filtering at Your Edge, official list of unallocated Internet addresses, Introduction to Cisco IOS NetFlow: A Technical Overview, Understanding Primary, Isolated, and Community Private VLANs, Configuring Private VLANs Using Cisco NX-OS, Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules. Common utilities like Netmon 3.4 (Windows only) or Wireshark can be readily downloaded and used to collect this capture and save it to a *.pcap file. As network-based communications become the norm for all aspects of personal and business life, the defining of metrics describing a working network is increasingly important and more restrictive. As wireless engineers, such interoperability issues pose an opportunity to identify, troubleshoot, and resolve potentially complex challenges. The list of requirements and challenges that the current generation of campus networks must address is highly diverse and includes the following: Unified Communications, financial, medical, and other critical systems are driving requirement for five nines (99999) availability and improved convergence times necessary for real-time interactive applications. See Figure26. For more information on UAC feature, refer What must a campus network do in order to meet enterprise business and the technical requirements? The growth in demand for enhanced mobilityboth wired and wirelesscan be characterized by observing three loosely related trends: The growth in laptop and other portable devices as the primary business tool rather than desktop PCs. Enhance on-demand DDoS protection with unified network-layer security & observability. As additional debugs might not only be far more verbose in their output but can also introduce additional load on the AP as well hence it requires additional time for proper analysis. By default, LLDP is not enabled in Cisco NX-OS. Note that the devices permitted by these ACLs require the proper community string to access the requested SNMP information. Chart format presents a However, in some cases this can be attributed to an interoperability issue with regards to a specific client device and components that support it (i.e. The single thread that ties all of the requirements together is the need to cost-effectively move devices within the campus and have them associated with the correct network policies and services wherever they are connected. Trace Compression to enable or disable trace compression. See the General Data-Plane Hardening section of this document for more information about securing the data plane. the following actions: Download the You can then restore the profile at a later time during the same session or the next time that you log in to RTMT. The configuration of AAA authentication methods and policies applied to the login mechanism will automatically apply to the console, AUX port, and vty access methods. RTMT Reporter uses Cisco Unified Communications When the user enters EXEC or configuration commands, Cisco NX-OS sends each command to the configured AAA server. Note an iACL cannot provide complete protection against vulnerabilities when the attack originates from a trusted source address. In many cases, the principle service requirement from the campus network is the availability of the network. Lost network connectivity and wireless association from AP3. This configuration example shows the use of these commands: If logging output is required for troubleshooting purposes, you should enable it only temporarily, to monitor for vty sessions, and avoid using it on the console. Cisco Unity Connection It is also the place where devices that extend the network out one more level are attachedIP phones and wireless access points (APs) being the prime two key examples of devices that extend the connectivity out one more layer from the actual campus access switch. Secure or strict mode provides a cookie mechanism to authorize both valid serial numbers and SSL certificates when joining the fabric. The ACL shown here includes comprehensive filtering of IP fragments. If the add the certificate store by clicking, Cisco Unified Communications Manager Administration The migration from the more than 10-year-old multi-tier distribution block design to one of the newer routed access-based or virtual switch-based distribution block design options is occurring in response to changing business requirements. While it is true that many campus networks are constructed using three physical tiers of switches, this is not a strict requirement. For details on the design of the virtual switching distribution block see the upcoming virtual switch distribution block design, http://www.cisco.com/go/srnd. For If the percentage of disk usage is above the high water mark that you configured, the system sends an alarm message to syslog, generates a corresponding alert in RTMT Alert Central, and automatically purges log files until the value reaches the low water mark. See Figure17. IP source guard can be applied to Layer 2 interfaces belonging to VLANs enabled for DHCP snooping. Most legacy wired networks had never been designed or deployed with network authentication in mind. New log files are created every day at 00:00 hours on the You Refer to Configuring Port Security in the Cisco NX-OS Security Configuration Guide for more information about configuring port security. On the other hand, a network may have four or more physical tiers of switches because the scale, wiring plant, and/or physical geography of the network might require that the core be extended. The Counter Accurate and reliable time can be very useful for logging purposes, such as for forensic investigations of potential attacks. Security, QoS, and availability design overlap here as we need to use QoS tools to address a potential security problem that is directly aimed at the availability of the network. In a network with a single device this is all we need in order to consider: How reliable is the device? PACLs can be applied only to the inbound direction on Layer 2 physical interfaces of a switch. The configuration of logging time stamps helps you correlate events across network devices. The question of when a separate physical core is necessary depends on multiple factors. service parameter changes, the polling rate in the precanned window also Manager and An iACL should contain a policy that denies unauthorized SNMP packets on UDP port 161. For the purposes of this documentation set, bias-free is defined as language that does not imply discrimination based on age, disability, gender, racial identity, ethnic identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality. The document is organized according to the three planes into which functions of a network device can be categorized. Here is a brief recap of the information that needs to be collected to effectively troubleshoot a potential wireless client interoperability issue with a CUWN. This configuration can be added to the previous AAA authentication example to implement command authorization: Refer to the Configuring AAA section in the Cisco NX-OS Security Configuration Guide for more information about command authorization. that allows you to track overall system health. The combination of all three elements (physical redundancy to address Layer-1 physical failures, supervisor redundancy to provide for a non-stop forwarding (data) plane, and the hardening of the control plane through the combination of good design and hardware CPU protection capabilities) are the key elements in ensuring the availability of the switches themselves and optimal uptime for the campus as a whole. This next phase of integration, combining wired and wireless into a converged campus, is motivated by the same reasons. Client authentication (802.1x) is supported in a switched environment but tends to be an add-on technology to a previously existing mature environment and can prove to have a more complicated deployment than in an equivalent wireless environment. The principles behind the use of scavenger classification are fairly simple. This example ACL, used with access control entries from the previous examples, allows pings from trusted management stations and network management system servers while blocking all other ICMP packets: The filtering of fragmented IP packets can pose a challenge to infrastructure and security devices alike. Switches provide both Layer 2 and Layer 3 topologies, fulfilling the various server broadcast domain or administrative requirements. Specify defaults that are provided for predefined (for example, Error, Warning, Information) alerts. Some networks will have a single campus that also acts as the core or backbone of the network and provide interconnectivity between other portions of the overall network. Command Line Interface Reference Guide for Cisco Unified Note: Strict mode requires an administrator to manually authorize controllers and switches to join the fabric. See When Are ICMP Redirects Sent for more information. 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