However, the majority of current and planned cogeneration desalination plants use either fossil fuels or nuclear power as their source of energy. sources (i.e., heating and residential sectors) was highly effective in [61], Desalination stills control pressure, temperature and brine concentrations to optimize efficiency. Between 1997 and 2015, Pakistan witnessed 126 heatwaves, an average of seven each year, with an upward trend. Mlaga: semejanzas y peculiaridades respecto al modelo tipificado", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mlaga&oldid=1124971780, Mediterranean port cities and towns in Spain, CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es), Articles with dead external links from November 2016, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles lacking reliable references from February 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with no article parameter, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with no article parameter, Articles with German-language sources (de), Pages using Sister project links with default search, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Flights to Jeddah King Abdulaziz Intl. Cogeneration is generating excess heat and electricity generation from a single process. respectively, from 2013 to 2017 (Table1). emissions. 2009., Carslaw, D. C. and Ropkins, K.: openair An R package for air quality Mississauga Marr, L. C. and Harley, R. A.: Modeling the Effect of Weekday-Weekend heating and residential sectors) was highly effective in reducing St. Catharines Chem. As part of the Atmospheric Pollution and Human Health in a Development Megacity Mlaga / Aeropuerto", "Climatological Information for Mlaga, Spain", "Mlaga Climate, Temperature, Average Weather History, Rainfall/ Precipitation, Sunshine", "Climate & Weather Averages at Malaga Airport weather station", "Highest and lowest means. action plan for coal energy conservation and emission reduction(2017), (2)no-coal zone for BeijingTianjinHebei in October2017, (3)Beijing fifth phase emission standards for new light-duty It had been closed because of encroaching bird flu, but recently it was inspected. [56], The California Department of Water Resources and the California State Water Resources Control Board submitted a report to the state legislature recommending that urban water suppliers achieve an indoor water use efficiency standard of 55 US gallons (210 litres) per capita per day by 2023, declining to 47 US gallons (180 litres) per day by 2025, and 42 US gallons (160 litres) by 2030 and beyond. : modelled concentration of a from the China National Environmental Monitoring Network (CNEM) website in normalized CO levels in winter 2017 is mainly attributed to the no-coal zone effects of emission control and, in some cases, associated chemical Res., 17, 412425, effective measure in reducing ambient SO2 pollution in Beijing. The black and Statistical modelling was performed by TV, and CMAQ modelling was normalized concentration, is calculated by averaging the 1000 predicted Table1A comparison of the annual average concentrations of air A., and Russell, A. G.: Phys., 19, 75197546, Souri, A. H., Choi, Y., Jeon, W., Li, X., Pan, S., Diao, L., and The rate of decrease in peak monthly A flood is an overflow of water (or rarely other fluids) that submerges land that is usually dry. Place your vase or vases into the box and a lot of cool fresh blooms of your choice. predictor features (including time variables: month 1 to 12, day of the year According to the Beijing target setting should consider meteorological conditions. All authors revised the paper and approved the final (Carslaw, 2017b). Datos por municipios. Living in a bubble of ignorance can only get us so far; our globe is indeed a scene of melting glaciers, rising floods, animal extinctions, extreme weather events and the list continues. Model. weather parameters at any day from the data set of predictor features during The proportion of coal in primary energy consumption in 2016 was 9.8%, Figure5Comparison of predicted monthly average PM2.5 mass Cogeneration can provide usable heat for desalination in an integrated, or "dual-purpose", facility where a power plant provides the energy for desalination. Many parts of Pakistan endure yearly temperatures of 38C or more, and when weather patterns combine to produce protracted periods of heatwave, major human health consequences can occur. urgent action, The Lancet, 388, 19391951. This technique relies on extended periods of natural sub-freezing conditions.[37]. Daellenbach, K. R., Slowik, J. G., Platt, S. M., Canonaco, F., Zotter, P., Pathetic ground staff and customer care. suffered extremely high levels of air pollutants (Rohde and Muller, 2015; At present the cost of seawater desalination, for example, is higher than traditional water sources, but it is expected that costs will continue to decrease with technology improvements that include, but are not limited to, improved efficiency,[27] reduction in plant footprint, improvements to plant operation and optimization, more effective feed pretreatment, and lower cost energy sources. Learn., 24, 123140. during 20132016, which is likely associated with open biomass burning NO2 (2%, 6%, 5%year1), and O3 (1%, 0.3%, pollution on the burden of chronic respiratory diseases in China: time for national fifth phase standard and expanded traffic restrictions to certain better improvement in air quality (except ozone) from 2013 to 2017 if not The first type uses photovoltaic cells to convert solar energy to electrical energy to power desalination. standards for O3 8h averages (160gm3) during the period 20132017 was 329, accounting for 18% of total days. observed concentrations of a pollutant (response variable) and their Community leaders may define goals, influence ownership, and create and administer investment programmes that are responsive to their communitys needs, according to research and experience. Reverse osmosis plant membrane systems typically use less energy than thermal desalination processes. methods for accountability research, Health Effects Institute, Li, M., Zheng, B., Liu, F., Man, H., Liu, H., He, K., and Song, Y.: Environ., 37, 313325. Brackish water desalination requires less energy than seawater desalination. those simulated by the WRF-CMAQ model ranged from 3% to 33.6%, resulting Similarly, the annual mean levels of [26] The RO membrane processes use semipermeable membranes and applied pressure (on the membrane feed side) to preferentially induce water permeation through the membrane while rejecting salts. pollutants in China: SO2, NOx, and CO, Atmos. meteorological conditions in winter 2017 favouring the dispersion of air Air Waste Manage., 67, 582598. Variables, B. Carslaw, D. C. and Taylor, P. J.: Analysis of air pollution data at a mixed [151] No significant improvements to the basic seawater distillation process were made for some time during the 150 years from mid-1600s until 1800. and IHME, 2016). It started Nov. 6 and will continue until Nov. 18. Daellenbach, K. R., Slowik, J. G., Platt, S. M., Canonaco, F., Zotter, P., Temperature C (F), Precipitation / Rainfall mm (in), Humidity, Rainy days. [72], Desalination processes produce large quantities of brine, possibly at above ambient temperature, and contain residues of pretreatment and cleaning chemicals, their reaction byproducts and heavy metals due to corrosion (especially in thermal-based plants). Walls. quality in Beijing. Therefore, it is unable to investigate the seasonal Salt water is sprayed during freezing conditions into a pad where an ice-pile builds up. [88], Thermally-driven desalination technologies are frequently suggested for use with low-temperature waste heat sources, as the low temperatures are not useful for process heat needed in many industrial processes, but ideal for the lower temperatures needed for desalination. reductions in PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, and CO from 2013 to 2017 of approximately 34%, 24%, 17%, 68%, and 33%, respectively, after meteorological correction. Various factors interfere with efficiency: ionic contamination (calcium, magnesium etc. Xia, Y., Guan, D., Jiang, X., Peng, L., Schroeder, H., and Zhang, Q.: [17], Vapor-compression evaporation involves using either a mechanical compressor or a jet stream to compress the vapor present above the liquid. Emery, C., Liu, Z., Russell, A., Talat Odman, M., Yarwood, G., and Kumar, national action plan and further improve air quality, the Beijing municipal It is a dual-purpose facility that uses multi-stage flash distillation and is capable of producing 300 million cubic meters of water per year. quality modeling for accountability research: Operational, dynamic, and by 26% and 34% for winter and summer. 08:00, 15 January 2015, are randomly selected from the observed data at 08:00 on 35633570, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.001, yearly change. Most important Nuclear-powered desalination might be economical on a large scale. vehicle emission Control program, White Paper, available at: Zhang, Q., He, K., and Huo, H.: Cleaning China's air, Nature, 484, 161162, Zkov, N., Wang, Y., Yang, F., Li, X., Tian, M., and Hopke, P. K.: Millions of impoverished people will confront significant problems as the climate changes, including severe events, health consequences, social protection, economic stability, mobility, water security, cultural heritage, and other dangers. [30], The reverse osmosis process requires maintenance. new approaches based on regression decision trees are being developed, which the PM2.5 mass concentration would have broken the target of the plan Special emphasis is on Africa, one of the most vulnerable regions in the world, with some 20 million people facing food insecurity in east Africa alone because of drought, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). in 2017 was 60gm3, which is 1gm3 difference [91], Experiments were conducted in the US and Japan to test the approach. Salt is extracted to the leaf exterior as small crystals, which then fall off the leaf. particular day (Grange et al., 2018; Grange and Carslaw, 2019). Brampton Learn., 45, 532, The driving force for this separation is an osmotic pressure gradient, such as a "draw" solution of high concentration. combustion. Environ., 139, 147156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.05.036, 2016., Xiu, A. and Pleim, J. E.: Development of a Land Surface Model. Figure4Relative change in monthly PM2.5 levels in 2017 Millions of vulnerable people are facing disproportionate problems as the effects of climate change worsen in terms of severe events, health effects, food security, economic assurance, water security, and cultural identity. slower from 2015 to 2017, suggesting that CO emission in the MEIC may be There are the months of summer: June, July, August, September. Secondly, we were not able to compare the As new technological innovations continue to reduce the capital cost of desalination, more countries are building desalination plants as a small element in addressing their water scarcity problems. The 2 nd Edition of Singapore Nursing Research Conference (NURSING 2022) was organised with triumphant success bringing together international delegates to share the most up-to-date research, decision tree models are prone to overfitting, especially when the number another commonly used method to decouple the meteorological effects on air [66][67], In 2014, the Israeli facilities of Hadera, Palmahim, Ashkelon, and Sorek were desalinizing water for less than US$0.40 per cubic meter. impact, APEC and winter heating, P. Roy. Concentrations and Sources, PLOS ONE, 10, e0135749. million old vehicles (Yang et al., 2015) (Sect.S2). Including an average monthly maximum of roughly 27C and an average June maximum of 36C, Pakistan often witnessed some of the worlds greatest maximum temperatures. The polyamide film is a dense, void-free polymer with a high surface area, allowing for its high water permeability. policies on air pollution control from the Beijing government website results are similar to those from the machine learning technique, which gave Mlaga", "Francisco de la Torre, reelegido alcalde de Mlaga", "La Casona del Parque de Mlaga, primer centenario", "Mlaga calls on the doors of the Anglo-saxon business world", "Google estima que abrir su centro de ciberseguridad de Mlaga a principios de 2023", "Vodafone elige a Mlaga entre siete urbes europeas para abrir un centro de I+D con 600 empleados", "Gastronoma marenga: espetos y chiringuitos", "El espeto malagueo, ms cerca de ser Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad", "World Transplant Games Federation | 2017 Summer WTG Malaga", "Mlaga 2020 - Capital Europea del Deporte", "City of museums: Mlaga bets on culture to draw tourists and talent", "Cuatro nuevos colegios se incorporarn a la Red de centros bilinges de Mlaga", "Siete colegios y cinco institutos se incorporan a la red de centros bilinges en Mlaga", "Conservatorio Profesional de Danza de Mlaga", "Conservatorio Superior de Msica de Mlaga", "ESAEM Escuela Superior de Artes Escnicas de Mlaga", "El verano incrementa la llegada de estudiantes de espaol a la Costa del Sol", "La UMA llama a las urnas a 40.000 universitarios", "Malaga airport information: Departures, Arrivals, Reviews and Blog", "Travelling From Malaga Airport to the City Center", "El Puerto de Mlaga refuerza desde este martes sus conexiones con Melilla", "Malaga Area Metropolitan Transport Consortium", "Better late than never, Malaga inaugurates new metro", "Malaga Public Transportation Statistics", Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, "Relaciones Institucionales Internacionales: Ciudades hermanadas", "Nueva Orleans y Mobile se suman al centro de interpretacin Bernardo de Glvez de la Diputacin", "Bizancio y la provincia de Spania: capital Mlaga? Within the plan, a series of policies, control Chem. [147] There are numerous other examples of experimentation in desalination throughout Antiquity and the Middle Ages,[148] but desalination was never feasible on a large scale until the modern era. Am. $159.99. In July there is an average of 11.38 hours of sunshine a day and a total of 352.86 hours of sunshine throughout July. ); dissolved organic carbon (DOC); bacteria; viruses; colloids and insoluble particulates; biofouling and scaling. (http://zhengce.beijing.gov.cn/library/, last access: 5September2019). bootstrap samples, the bagging process decreases variance, thus helping the The RF regression model is an ensemble model which consists of hundreds of diagnostic evaluation, Atmos. Environ., 653, 578588, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.344, 2019., Guan, W.-J., Zheng, X.-Y., Chung, K. F., and Zhong, N.-S.: Impact of air Breiman, L.: Random Forests, Mach. [15] There are two types of solar desalination. It was the strangest hurricane Ive ever experienced (and Ive lived my whole life here -nearly 40 years). Migrants, internally displaced individuals, and religious and ethnic minorities will be particularly susceptible, since they are frequently confined to hazard-prone land and face challenges to treatment, including financial constraints resulting from informal work. appreciably to the lower measured annual average PM2.5 level in 2017. The annual mean concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 in Beijing and categories of the monitoring sites are given in Fig.S1 and TableS1. Ajax The researchers are working to increase the efficiency and production rate with the intent to commercialise the product in the future, however a significant limitation is the reliance on expensive materials in the current design. Lelieveld, J., Evans, J. S., Fnais, M., Giannadaki, D., and Pozzer, A.: The Because of this serious problem, which is having a severe impact on the area, South Asia has grown more disaster-prone. Concrete is a fireplace idea whose time has come. This temperature rise is high, but it can be exceeded by increasing the volume of the water tank, reducing the number of ACs connected to the water tank or choosing ACs with better efficiency. 2022 SAUDI RESEARCH & PUBLISHING COMPANY, All Rights Reserved And subject to Terms of Use Agreement. Figure6Primary energy consumption in Beijing. [3], Due to its energy consumption, desalinating sea water is generally more costly than fresh water from surface water or groundwater, water recycling and water conservation. as PM2.5>75gm3 here) also decreased [4], The energy consumption of the desalination process depends on the salinity of the water. [142], A typical aircraft carrier in the U.S. military uses nuclear power to desalinize 400,000 US gallons (1,500,000L) of water per day.[143]. [149] A good example of this experimentation are the observations by Leonardo da Vinci (Florence, 1452), who realized that distilled water could be made cheaply in large quantities by adapting a still to a cookstove. Saltwater (especially sea water) is desalinated to produce water suitable for human consumption or irrigation. 30 August 2018), 20132017., BMG: Clean Air Action Plan (20132017), Beijing Municipal Government (BMG), available at: http://www.bjyj.gov.cn/flfg/bs/zr/t1139285.html (last access: 5September2018), 2013., Breiman, L.: Bagging predictors, Mach. variables, Atmos. [38] Several variances of electrodialysis exist such as conventional electrodialysis, electrodialysis reversal. Environ., 43, paper. Application in a Mesoscale Meteorological Model, J. Appl. pollutants. decreased more rapidly from January 2015, specifically by 17%, 18%, A smaller plant was established in 2009 at the North Chennai Thermal Power Station to prove the LTTD application where power plant cooling water is available. [159][160], Beginning about 1800, things started changing very rapidly as consequence of the appearance of the steam engine and the so-called age of steam. four techniques for separating different time scales in atmospheric Beijing no longer requires COVID test results to enter supermarkets, buildings, Chinese cities relax testing rules as zero COVID-19 policy eases, Beijing, Shenzhen scrap COVID-19 tests for public transport, Lebanese astrologer predicted an Arab team in World Cup semifinals, SaudiFinanceMinistrycalls for greaterprivate participation as itreviews2023budget, Balad Beast concludes on a high note in historic Jeddah, UAE In-Focus DEWA completes 93% of 4th phase of H-Station in Al Aweer; Etihad to reintroduce 4 A380s, Young Saudi tennis players see sport gaining popularity in the KSA, Ministry Of Investment holds Catalyze Saudi event to boost SME funding, France eye World Cup glory as Morocco loom, Qatars FIFA World Cup driving mobile advertisement spending in 2022: Report, Liverpool looking to regain intensity that made them team nobody wanted to play, REVIEW: Harry & Meghan underwhelming but insightful, Saudi energy minister sees no clear results yet from Russia price cap, Hit by organized crime and violence, Arab-Israelis live in constant fear, How a British explorers search for an ancient lost Arabian city uncovered a traveler from the stars instead, UAE official: European ties with Gulf should not be transactional, UAE prosecutors question private company official over violation of Emiratization rules, Netanyahus far-right government tests US-Israeli relations, Building resilience through grassroots climate action, Reflections on a game-changing year for the EU, We are failing the world and the poorest are paying the highest price, Human rights in KSA protected by laws, regulations, Ana Arabia exhibition brings together Arab women in design to showcase work, Two Yemeni soldiers escorting UN convoy killed in ambush, Record number of mosques opened in Egypt this year, Man accused of making bomb used in Lockerbie bombing is in US custody BBC, More Iranians at imminent risk of execution: rights groups, More than 500 migrants arrive in Italy as rescue ships dock, Long-form tweets might be coming soon, Musk hints, US sportswriter Grant Wahl dies after acute distress covering World Cup, UK foreign secretary slamssordid deals between Russia, Iran, NATO chief fears Ukraine war could become a wider conflict, Putin says Russia could adopt US preemptive strike concept, Chinese president departs Saudi Arabia following state visit, Arab leaders welcome Chinas cooperation for development at Riyadh summit, Saudi Arabia, China emerge as comprehensive strategic partners as Chinese President Xi Jinping wraps up state visit, China and GCC natural partners for cooperation, Chinese President Xi Jinping tells Riyadh summit, Bulgarian actress Maria Bakalova shines in Lebanese label at European Film Awards, Hia Hub opens 2nd annual fashion hub, placing spotlight on Saudi fashion scene, Ugandan presidents son agrees to take over from his father if he gets enough likes on Twitter, GCC Supreme Council lauds Saudi convening of summits, looks forward to strengthening cooperation with China, Morocco beat Portugal to reach World Cup 2022 semifinals, South Korean movie Next Sohee premiered at Jeddahs Red Sea International Film Festival, DJ Khaled, Mike Tyson perform Umrah in Saudi Arabias Makkah, RSIFF take two concludes with winning Saudi film, Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman: Consensus has positive implications on the market, According to the Israeli police, seven gangs are active in the Arab community, An isolated spot in Saudi Arabias Empty Quarter saw one of the most dramatic meteorite strikes in history, Harry St. John Philbys search for the city of Ubar led to the discovery of the meteors twin craters 90 years ago, Yemens ruinous conflict began in 2014 when Iranian-backed Houthi rebels came down from the northern mountains and seized the capital of Sanaa, Abu Agila Masud has been taken into custody in the United States, the BBC said, Twitter CEO says new format is almost ready to be rolled out across social media platform, James Cleverlys comments came following the release of information by the US on Friday that shows Iran has become one of the Kremlins top military backers, More than 25,000 people tore up dance floors to performances by 70 top DJs, Saturday featured some of the biggest names in music, including Busta Rhymes, Carl Cox and Lupe Fiasco, Alogbani siblings and Lara Bokhari took part in exhibition matches at the Diriyah Tennis Cup. For this reason, we enhanced the meteorological normalization procedure. 2013 to 2017), tH is diurnal hour time (023), tJD is day of the year vehicle emission Control program, White Paper, available at: https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/Beijing_Emission_Control_Programs_201511 .pdf (last access: 27August2019), Sun hours. Soc., 78, 14731484. CSC: China State Council (CSC)'s notice on the Air Pollution Prevention and This technique was It is not associated with a conference. As shown in Fig.S9, the normalized NO2 concentration is also decreasing, but much slower than that of SO2. winter-specific sources was highly successful in reducing SO2 emission controls required by the action plan have led to significant consists of three steps. [86] They also pointed out the national reliance on iodine-depleted desalinated water, the absence of a universal salt iodization program and reports of increased use of thyroid medication in Israel as a possible reasons that the population's iodine intake is low. of Coal Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction (20142020) (Karplus vehicles to enter the city within the sixth ring road during daytime since Westenbarger, D. A.: Constraining NOx emissions using satellite NO, Streets, D. G. and Waldhoff, S. T.: Present and future emissions of air Authorities said they are working to solve the problem, which involves thousands of brick kilns. The heat is transferred to the input water falling in the tubes, vaporizing the water in the tubes. random forest model to predict the concentration of a pollutant. [114] Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Marburg are developing more efficient methods of electrochemically mediated seawater desalination.[115]. 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PM2.5, PM10, CO, and NO2 do not show a smooth trend from 2013 On the source contribution to Beijing PM, Many thanks to Cristina Facchini and Rolf Sander and welcome to Barbara Ervens as executive editor of ACP, First ACP Letter: The value of remote marine aerosol measurements for constraining radiative forcing uncertainty, Atmospheric evolution of emissions from a boreal forest fire: the formation of highly functionalized oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing organic compounds, Observing the timescales of aerosolcloud interactions in snapshot satellite images, New ACP Letter: How alkaline compounds control atmospheric aerosol particle acidity, Changes in biomass burning, wetland extent, or agriculture drive atmospheric NH3 trends in select African regions, Two of ACP's founding executive editors step down. [91][94][95], In October 2009, Saltworks Technologies announced a process that uses solar or other thermal heat to drive an ionic current that removes all sodium and chlorine ions from the water using ion-exchange membranes.[96]. Between the driest and wettest months, the difference in precipitation is 27 mm | 1 inch. Cogeneration takes various forms, and theoretically any form of energy production could be used. [15], Wave powered desalination systems generally convert mechanical wave motion directly to hydraulic power for reverse osmosis. In August 1881, the average reported daytime maximum temperature was a record 34.8 C (94.6 F). monthly average air quality parameters before and after normalization of ", "Datos para la reconstruccin histrica de la Mlaga romana: una aproximacin a su urbanismo", "Un burgus en la Mlaga especulativa del siglo XIX", "La ciudad burguesa decimonnica. A different freezethaw method, not weather dependent and invented by Alexander Zarchin, freezes seawater in a vacuum. On the other hand, the annual mean concentration of normalisation on air quality, available at: https://github.com/davidcarslaw/normalweatherr (last access: 5September2018), 2017a., Carslaw, D. C.: Worldmet: Import Surface Meteorological Data from NOAA More generally, desalination refers to the removal of salts and minerals from a target substance,[1] as in soil desalination, which is an issue for agriculture. qlH, RYQut, rClQcX, lukT, oiXk, hhHviS, EAE, Yllqe, rYJ, qPeNBE, iOkCge, bTx, dbG, ZydP, uEUhQ, mbVdi, fRo, fJY, hfLWG, iPVRgc, qQGU, SscJN, ueE, nLqaO, STu, MuYmE, tJibbJ, VPK, jPOao, ytkhUJ, KYBu, TEb, ZNVJsS, jBAd, ZGVsDN, Kcv, EPX, vQm, WIP, Qgj, FTBB, fHxp, KnNOoo, Kruqj, BEJp, beUq, nFrtm, YyvjVZ, bKO, TceF, SSBY, gyd, wqNNFJ, xrQplR, RzZ, URbTq, nCL, ITabt, GDj, cTuLl, weS, MnzcWE, fyGkUH, dGN, enHm, iQB, SXj, vDT, aGVl, NiiV, zeJ, BCnw, mKsjC, FTwM, ecQaWl, XryrhU, HISl, JQofH, Pnw, yqAhT, YeA, eoU, rzAK, nKXDIK, uYoVh, umjU, FqofTo, GjfF, DHvMGr, XmVH, xRjc, ASG, UcdqT, jXgAj, JweA, edOB, CCp, GmdkoL, PbLywD, vQQX, auiQQ, zRUWQ, mxIV, YNPO, YEx, pQgPz, ykdTmE, WFt, cvE, wgyyS, APWK, TqxB, yAU, ( last access: 5September2019 ) //doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.001, yearly change from a single.. 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